Users were then blinded to their results and the test was repeated. The subjects had knee angles fixed using limb supports during measurement, whilst maintaining appropriate clearance to allow a reproduction of assessment in clinic. All 5 methods were used to assess 3 knee angles, plus full active flexion and extension, on 6 knees. Knee angles were assessed by 3 users: one consultant orthopaedic surgeon, one orthopaedic surgical trainee and an experienced physiotherapist. The purpose of this study was to assess reliability and minimum significant difference of visual estimation, short and long arm goniometers, a smartphone application and a digital inclinometer. Establishing the minimum difference between methods is essential to monitor change. Knee angles can be measured by traditional goniometers, smartphone apps are readily available and there are also purpose made digital devices. It is therefore important that measurements are accurate. Measuring knee range of motion is important in examination and as a post-operative outcome.
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